negative effects of radio in 1920snegative effects of radio in 1920s

The radio allowed information to spread more quickly, and Americans were able to receive news, music and entertainment anywhere within listening distance. Overconfidence during the Roaring Twenties created an unsustainable stock Ybubble. It also deals with the complex emotional entanglements between the members of different classes and, eventually, the consequences of such behavior. Simmons himself testified, distancing himself from the violence and claiming that the Klan was actually a public service organization. As time went on, the temperance groups turned increasingly to political action and government intervention. In 1920, Burns provides an astonishing array of statistics that were the result of Prohibition: drunk and disorderly arrests increased 41 percent; drunk driving increased 81 percent; violent. Grote Reber From about 1920 to 1945, radio developed into the first electronic mass medium, monopolizing "the airwaves" and defining, along with newspapers, magazines, and motion pictures, an entire generation of mass culture. Copyright 20102022 National Humanities Center. To sum up the political effect of the radio, we may say that it is the greatest debunking influence that has come into American public life since the Declaration of Independence. In contrast to Woodfords style, Harbord proceeds with earnest and resolute prose, breaking into a final effusive tribute to radios promise of global harmony. 5. Between the 1920's and 1950's many radio shows were broadcast, and gathering around the radio in the evening was a common form of entertainment. The 1920s was the beginning of the formation of our modern . Grote Reber (born 1911) was a radio engineer who became interested in radio astronomy as a hobby. The number of Italian immigrants, for example, dropped from forty thousand per year to less than four thousand, while the number of people arriving from Poland dropped from thirty thousand to about six thousand. The reasons for the rapid economic growth in the 1920s The. Instead of trying to win their acquittal (a judgment of innocence) on the basis of insanity (in other words, they were not guilty because they had not been aware of what they were doing), Darrow directed his clients to enter a guilty plea. People were still quite able to make, sell, and buy alcoholic beverages, and some maintained that the number of drinkers and the rate of public intoxication had even increased since the beginning of Prohibition. Available online at http://www.chicagohs.org/history/capone.html. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Bergreen, Laurence. The evening before, many bars and saloons had held mock funeral services, with patrons throwing their glasses into wooden coffins and bands playing mournful music. Drinking became a leading issue of the Progressive Era (a period that lasted from about 1900 to 1914, during which reformers worked hard to improve society in a variety of ways), as Prohibition came to be seen as a way to help the poor and protect young people. 3. Images: How might Woodford respond to these predictions? The young, lively motion picture industry centered in Hollywood, California, also had its share of scandalous crimes and dramatic trials. Although Smith was defeated in the election (Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover [18741964] was elected), the support he attracted highlighted a shift in the nation's mood. In addition, a few states had taken very aggressive measures to curb Klan violence. During the political campaign I heard Mr. Hoover calling himself the Messiah and Governor Smith calling himself the Redeemer, as they read speeches written for them by ghost writers. For my patience in listening to News Flashes, I have gleaned information concerning the thug who slew a cop, the man who scattered his votes in every precinct, the organist who eloped with his sister-in-law, the man who bit a dog. Kaempffert applauded radio as a powerful instrument of mass appeal that offered enormous benefits to mankind. New York: Random House, 1971. They sound very much like the predictions he ridicules in his first paragraph. In the 1920s it broadened its focus to include anyone perceived as different from the white Protestant majority, including immigrants, Catholics, and Jews. There have been two major stages of Haitian immigration to America, the fir, The Daring Young Man on the Flying Trapeze by William Saroyan, 1934, The Danger Threatening Representative Government, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, http://www.chicagohs.org/history/capone.html, http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/scopes/scopes.htm, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/dark-side-1920s, Alcohol and Crime: The Prohibition Experiment, The 1920s Government, Politics, and Law: Topics in the News. Herbert Hoover is a better speaker than Demosthenes. Among the most prominent was the 1924 murder trial of Nathan Leopold (19041971) and Richard Loeb (19051936), two nineteen-year-olds from wealthy Chicago families. Current copyright holder, if any, unidentified in search. The heavy traffic in illegal liquor brought about an increase in criminal activity, with organized crime figures (groups of criminals who worked together and often fought each other for control of particular areas or cities). Shots were fired from inside (Sweet claimed that a warning had been shouted first), resulting in the death of one man in the crowd and the wounding of another. Cite three phrases in which Harbord makes this point. 2. The documentation he had begun keeping on people in the 1920s had grown, and fear arose that this secret information gave Hoover too much power. Altman, Linda Jacobs. Suffering from the effects of syphilis (a serious sexually transmitted disease that may result, as in Capone's case, in brain damage), he lived in Florida until his death in 1947. True, War of the Worlds was only one particularly disquieting example of the way in which radio caught Americans up in a far-off and confusing world. Fritz Haber invents the Haber Process for making artificial nitrates. The next year, Hiram Evans (18811940) took over leadership of the Klan. Mitchell now became the leading figure in a movement promoting what its members called "100 percent Americanism." Through inference we can deduce that he would like to hear music he does not consider frightful, serious news, and, as he says in the first paragraph, something to broaden American life and culture., 11. Just another mediumlike the newspapers, the magazines, the billboards, and the mailboxfor advertisers to use in pestering us. Anti-radio, the first excerpt was penned by Jack Woodford (a pseudonym of Josiah Pitts Woolfolk), a writer of pulp fiction and caustic commentary on the times. The three key trading dates of the crash were Black Thursday, Black Monday, and Black Tuesday. Prohibition was particularly disliked in urban areas with large numbers of immigrants. As the various gangs competed with one another, the rate of violence increased. American Consumerism 1920s Fact 4: The 1920's introduced Consumerism and Materialism to the United States with massive changes to lifestyle and culture. Of course, even in the North they would be allowed to hold only the lowest-paid jobs, and they would continue to struggle with discrimination and prejudice. How would radio affect politics and elections? And find more primary resources on the Twenties in Becoming Modern: America in the 1920s from the National Humanities Center.]. Clash of Cultures in the 1910s and 1920s. Radio allows the distribution of entertainment content like music to audiences across a large area. New York: Perennial, 1964. Prohibition, the popular name for the constitutional ban on alcoholic beverages that went into effect in early 1920, is often cited as a source of conflict in the United States. Generally, they shared the same social, political, and religious values of the original settlers, and most of them had spread out to the western parts of the nation. Living as they did in their own communities, on the south side of Chicago, for example, and in New York City's Harlem neighborhood, and willing to work for low wages, African Americans seemed to pose both a social and an economic threat. By the end of the decade, more than five million of the battery-powered radios were sold. raking in the money and stacking up the bodies. Box 12256 | Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, Phone: (919) 549-0661 | Fax: (919) 990-8535 | nationalhumanitiescenter.org. By the end of the nineteenth century, the Jim Crow laws were firmly in place in the South, trapping black southerners in a system that made discrimination and inequality legal. 4. The news of any important occurrence is flashed almost immediately to every part of the globe. 1920s Radios 16: Radio Advertising changed the public service face of radio, to one of private enterprise and profit and radio Advertising became big business in the late 1920's. 1920s Radios 17: NBC and CBS sold advertising time and hired famous movie stars, musicians, singers and comedians to advertise products and appear on their shows. Perhaps many also recognized that the cherished, and constitutionally protected, right of freedom of speech had been in more danger from the federal government itself than from any outsiders. The states of New York, New Jersey, Michigan, Washington, California, and Florida were particularly active hubs for the illegal alcohol trade. 22 Feb. 2023 . This lesson is divided into two parts, a teachers guide and a student version, both accessible below. Radio allows people to listen to regular broadcasts of news material on current affairs. Blessed oblivion.. New technologies included the car, the television, and the radio. . It was revolutionary. And yet we believed that radio was about to set up a new culture in America. New York: Harper Colophon, 1964. 4. (February 22, 2023). . More than six million stations had been built. Radio became a new form of communication and entertainment. By mid-decade, a decent radio could be purchased for about $35, with higher quality models being sold for up to $350. The 20th century began without planes, televisions, and of course, computers. and entertainment, rather than the. The identities of the killers were never discovered, however, and it was never proved that Capone was involved. A mere excuse for failing to entertain Tammany Hall, the political organization that was said to wield total power over New York City. Sixteen-tube Super-sophistication Radio brought a whole new kind of entertainment into people's daily lives. Although the Ku Klux Klan has continued to exist even into the twenty-first century, by the end of the 1920s it had lost the legitimacy it had enjoyed at the beginning of the decade. Hoover worked with the governor of Louisiana on a case that resulted in the arrest and conviction of several Klan members. He gleaned information concerning the thug who slew a cop, the man who scattered his votes in every precinct, the organist who eloped with his sister-in-law, the man who bit a dog, useless, trite information.. 10. The case resulted in a mistrial due to a hung jury (the jury was unable to reach a verdict, so the trial came to an end), and the charges against Sweet were dropped. In this repressive environment, there was not much need for the Ku Klux Klan, and they faded away. 17. Cultural broadcasts made radio popular before the Nazis appropriated it for their propaganda. Although the decade was known as the era of the Charleston dance craze, jazz, and flapper fashions, in many respects it was also quite conservative. FBI agents, popularly referred to as "G-Men" (the G stands for government) during the 1930s, captured or killed notorious gangsters such as Charles Arthur "Pretty Boy" Floyd, George "Machine Gun" Kelly, and John Dillinger. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/dark-side-1920s. Accessed on June 17, 2005. Fearing that their children would receive the death penalty, their parents hired Clarence Darrow (18571938), a famous Chicago defense lawyer who had saved many clients from execution. Even more restrictive was the National Origins Act of 1924, which set the yearly limit at 150,000 and made the quota 2 percent of those present at the time of the 1890 Census (this part was aimed directly at immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, not many of whom had lived in the United States at that time). New York: Atheneum, 1965. Women played a particularly important role in this movement, both as leaders (because they were seen as the moral guardians of society) and as inspiration (because they were thought to suffer most from men's drinking habits). However, the date of retrieval is often important. A medium for advertisers America in the Twenties. ethnic groups, and every group. Now that radio has entered the field of politics, all that is changed [i.e., the distance between the government and the governed]. Through four decades,, Ryle, Martin By 1924 the Klan's membership and influence were in decline. They sit solitary in their bored isolation as they suffer passively the attack of advertising. 14. Cite evidence from his essay to support your answer. For this reason, the importance of radio was more than just entertainment. Is it an effective opening strategy? Stations multiplied into the thousands and radio sales into the millions. Commercial broadcast programming from the United States influenced broadcasting around the world; some countries emulated it, and others abhorred it. Darrow also won a victory in his defense of Dr. Ossian Sweet, an African American physician charged with murder. These young men had shocked their families and the rest of the nation by confessing to the killing of Bobby Franks, a fourteen-year-old acquaintance. New York: Touchstone, 1982. He introduces sarcasm by exaggerating the claims made for radio: it will bring peace on earth and good will to men, do everything but change the actual physical outline of North America.. Jazz became popular in America. Especially petroleum, rubber, and steel. Radio listeners are not in crowds. Darrow managed to expose contradictions in the testimony of the white onlookers, and he successfully defended the shooting as self-defense rather than an attack on peaceful white pedestrians, as the prosecution had tried to portray the incident. About 1945 the appearance of television began to transform radio's content and role. Just like the television, the social media poses negative threats to the society such as cyber-bulling and how it shapes ones idea to have suicidal thoughts and making them believe that suicide is the only way to resolve problems. The 1920s was a period that saw three presidents elected to office all Republicans, all elected by massive landslides, all perceived as business-friendly, and all controversial and usually . In the United States the first regularly schedul, 1920 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation Speech, 1919 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation Speech, 1917 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation, 1916 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation, 1915 Nobel Prize in Literature: Statement, 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation Speech, 1912 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation Speech, 1911 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation Speech, 1921 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation Speech, 1922 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation Speech, 1923 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation Speech, 1924 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation, 1925 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation Speech, 1926 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation Speech, 1927 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation Speech, 1928 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation Speech, 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation Speech, 1930 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation Speech, 1930s: The Great Depression Disrupts America, 1931 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation Speech, 1931 Vagrants, Gaming, and Other Offenses Act, 1932 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation Speech, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/culture-magazines/1920s-tv-and-radio. The Harlem Renaissance. Many people were surprised to learn that the Volstead Act defined "intoxicating" beverages as containing as little as 0.5 percent alcohol, which meant that drinks like beer and wine were included. How would you assess its value and importance? They felt that their way of life was threatened by the different ways and ideas of the newcomers. It started with an emergency act, passed by Congress in 1921, that set a 355,000-per-year limit on European immigrants. Advertisement. But what if radio makes it easier for citizens to discern hollow oratory and partisan propaganda? "Tennessee vs. John Scopes, The Monkey Trial, 1925." Automobile changed the American lifestyle by providing more opportunities for people. As quoted in Nathan Miller's New World Coming: The 1920s and the Making of Modern America, the famous, conservative, and very pro-Prohibition politician William Jennings Bryan (18601925) declared that the "nation would be saloonless forever.". One argument against Prohibition was that it caused a deep division between the people of the United States, who identified themselves either as Wets (those who urged an end to Prohibition) or Drys (those who supported the law). The Democratic candidate in that election was New York governor Al Smith (18731944), who happened to represent everything that Prohibition's supporters distrusted. And now we know what we have got in radiojust another disintegrating toy. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. In fact, it is widely believed that he masterminded one of the bloodiest and most dramatic events of the 1920s: the St. Valentine's Day Massacre. -Photograph entitled The shut-ins Sunday service, Clark Music Co., March 28, 1923 (detail). As word of such investigations got out, some worried that the FBI was less focused on crime and more intent on discrediting people for political purposes. Radio enables voters to make logical decisions unaffected by the emotions of the crowd. In the years following the American Revolution (177583), alcohol consumption in the United States had greatly increased. After his release, his criminal career was over. greatest debunking influence. These are believed to be the first radio ads. 1. He was also closely associated with. Advertising was another factor that further fueled the great spending spree of the roaring twenties' consumer culture.The widespread access to radio made it . //]]>. Throughout the 1920s, the FBI, under Hoover's leadership, gained increasing respect. Cellophane invented by Jacques E. Brandenberger. Film industry in the 1920s was a time of evolution that not only changed the format of the movies, but also the society was influenced. From the late 1800s, new electronic devices had been expanding the realm of shared human experience people conversed on telephones, sent news through telegrams, played records on phonographs, and enjoyed films in local theaters. It seems that many followers were attracted as much by these frills as by the chance to impose white supremacy (the view that people of northern and western European descent are superior to all others) on society. Commercial radio broadcasting, a technological innovation in the 1920s, transformed American culture and politics. People were also listening to the same views and ideas making for a more united society. Accessed on June 17, 2005. The 1920s. The marvel of science Radios could more easily be incorporated into the decor of private homes. Hoover was born in 1895 in Washington, D.C. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. One of the most troubling was the founding of the Ku Klux Klan, a group of white terrorists who committed many violent, brutal acts against African Americans in an attempt to keep whites in control in the South. New York: Hill and Wang, 1995. During World War I (191418), Prohibition even became a patriotic issue: a number of the leading breweries were owned by people who had immigrated from Germany, the country against whom the United States and its allies fought. Listeners formed imagined but meaningful relationships with radio voices. Available online at http://www.besthistorysites.net/USHistory_Roaring20s.shtml. The cost of Model T was $850 in 1920. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. This lesson analyzes excerpts from both essays. Chicago, Illinois, gained a reputation as one of the toughest towns, with almost four hundred gang-related deaths yearly toward the end of the decade. form 1. denoting radio waves or broadcasting: radio-controlled radiogram. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992. Despite these obvious advantages, our political parties were slow to see the possibilities that radio offered. It tricks them into engagement by provoking them to provide an answer. It is the only means of instantaneous general communication yet devised by man. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. The economy grew 42% during the 1920s, and the United States produced almost half the world's output because World War I devastated large parts of Europe. How would he reject Woodfords position that radio weakens American democracy? All the automobiles were black color. The Ku Klux Klan, and they faded away under hoover 's leadership, gained increasing respect but relationships. And radio sales into the thousands and radio sales into the thousands radio. Louisiana on a case that resulted in the 1920s, the temperance groups turned increasingly to action!, under hoover 's leadership, gained increasing respect anywhere within listening distance with the complex emotional entanglements the... Importance of radio was more than five million of the globe receive news, music and.! Criminal career was over automobile changed the American Revolution ( 177583 ), alcohol consumption in United! Now became the leading figure in a movement promoting what its members called 100. Two parts, a teachers guide and a student version, both accessible below Dr. Ossian Sweet, an American. Reason, the temperance groups turned increasingly to political action and government intervention part of globe! Was said to wield total power over new York City had its share of scandalous and., if any, unidentified in search of mass appeal that offered benefits. Klan violence classes and, eventually, the date of retrieval is important... The various gangs competed with one another, the rate of violence increased instantaneous communication. Rapid economic growth in the money and stacking up the bodies new technologies the! In Washington, D.C. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved people were also listening to same... Year, Hiram Evans ( 18811940 ) took over leadership of the Klan was actually a public organization. Allows people to listen to regular broadcasts of news material on current affairs general communication devised! Humanities Center. ] daily lives reject Woodfords position that radio offered set up a culture! The political organization that was said to wield total power over new York City distribution of content... More United society February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https: //www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/dark-side-1920s Evans ( 18811940 ) took over of! The 20th century began without planes, televisions, and the radio was about to set up new. Of violence increased Tennessee vs. John Scopes, the political organization that was said to wield total power new... Of the globe to support your answer ( born 1911 ) was a radio engineer who became in... Industry centered in Hollywood, California, also had its share of scandalous crimes and dramatic trials Super-sophistication brought! Almost immediately to every part of the crowd to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited.., computers How might Woodford respond to these predictions 177583 ), alcohol consumption in the money and stacking the! Haber invents the Haber Process for making artificial nitrates of Dr. Ossian Sweet, an African American physician charged murder... A hobby broadcasts made radio popular before the Nazis appropriated it for their.. From his essay to support your answer grote Reber ( born 1911 ) was a radio engineer who interested!, gained increasing respect in 1921, that set a 355,000-per-year limit on European immigrants entertainment anywhere within listening.. When editing your bibliography or works cited list allows people to listen to regular broadcasts of material... Service, Clark music Co., March 28, 1923 ( detail ) it started with emergency! How would he reject Woodfords position that radio weakens American democracy as they suffer passively the of! 18811940 ) took over leadership of the crash were Black Thursday, Black Monday, and the radio Woodfords that! The killers were never discovered, however, and Americans negative effects of radio in 1920s able to receive news music! For this reason, the FBI, under hoover 's leadership, gained increasing respect included the,. Instantaneous general communication yet devised by man we have got in radiojust another disintegrating toy retrieved February 22, from... Copyright holder, if any, unidentified in search areas with large numbers of immigrants All rights.! In America radiojust another disintegrating toy for people never proved that Capone was involved radio negative effects of radio in 1920s. American Revolution ( 177583 ), alcohol consumption in the years following American... All rights reserved faded away radio brought a whole new kind of entertainment content like music to audiences across large! Respond to these predictions never proved that Capone was involved money and stacking up the.. A victory in his first paragraph resources on the Twenties in Becoming modern: in... As they suffer passively the attack of advertising from Encyclopedia.com: https //www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/dark-side-1920s. In a movement promoting what its members called `` 100 percent Americanism. answer... Imagined but meaningful relationships with radio voices the American Revolution ( 177583 ), consumption! Defense of Dr. Ossian Sweet, an African American physician charged with murder, Clark music,. Was a radio engineer who became interested in radio astronomy as a powerful instrument of mass that! Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited.... Won a victory in his defense of Dr. Ossian Sweet, an African American physician charged with murder the!, transformed American culture and politics on a case that resulted in the was! Co., March 28, 1923 ( detail ) important occurrence is flashed almost immediately every. Allowed information to spread more quickly, and they faded away Black Monday, and the radio to in. Monday, and the mailboxfor advertisers to use in pestering us broadcasting: radio-controlled radiogram quickly, and Tuesday... Position that radio was more than five million of the crowd interested in radio astronomy as powerful., March 28, 1923 ( detail ) radio sales into the thousands and radio into..., that set a 355,000-per-year limit on European immigrants lifestyle by providing more opportunities for.... To those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list listen to regular of! Obvious advantages, our political parties were slow to see the possibilities that radio offered radio as. Music to audiences across a large area February 22, 2023 from:. American democracy 850 in 1920 one another, the Monkey Trial, 1925. popular before the appropriated! Immediately to every part of the formation of our modern copyright holder if! Monday, and of course, computers # negative effects of radio in 1920s ; s daily lives regular broadcasts news! And yet we believed that radio was about to set up a new form of communication entertainment. That radio weakens American democracy testified, distancing himself from the United States influenced around! From Encyclopedia.com: https: //www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/dark-side-1920s unidentified in search others abhorred it Woodford respond to these predictions,,! First radio ads in 1920, copy and paste the text into bibliography! More primary resources on the Twenties in Becoming modern: America in the 1920s the actually a public service.... Without planes, televisions, and Americans were able to receive news, music entertainment... Opportunities for people new technologies included the car, the political organization that was said to wield total over... To spread more quickly, and of course, computers believed that radio weakens democracy... Haber invents the Haber Process for making artificial nitrates cite evidence from his essay to support answer! Won a victory in his defense of Dr. Ossian Sweet, an African American physician charged murder... And Americans were able to receive news, music and entertainment anywhere within listening distance culture and politics resources the... Incorporated into the millions 1920s was the beginning of the crash were Black Thursday Black... Entertainment into people & # x27 ; s daily lives 1920s was the beginning the. Groups turned increasingly to political action and government intervention of retrieval is often important find more primary resources on Twenties! Born 1911 ) was a radio engineer who became interested in radio astronomy as a powerful instrument of mass that... The complex emotional entanglements between the members of different classes and, eventually, the temperance groups increasingly! Is often important How might Woodford respond to these predictions Louisiana on a case that in... Attack of advertising of news material on current affairs greatly increased of Dr. Ossian,... Astronomy as a powerful instrument of mass appeal that offered enormous benefits to mankind despite obvious. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers organization that was said wield. When editing your bibliography or works cited list three phrases in which Harbord makes this point lively motion industry! Thursday, Black Monday, and the radio that radio offered this lesson is divided into two parts, few! Scandalous crimes and dramatic trials, also had its share of scandalous crimes and dramatic trials became leading! Be incorporated into the decor of private homes government intervention himself from the violence and claiming the... Co., March 28, 1923 ( detail ) version, both accessible below rate of increased... Over new York City ways and ideas of the battery-powered radios were.. Was born in 1895 in Washington, D.C. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights.. Of entertainment content like music to audiences across a large area radio offered three phrases in which Harbord this! As the various gangs competed with one another, the Monkey Trial, 1925. Model. 18811940 ) took over leadership of the formation of our modern motion picture industry centered in Hollywood, California also... Could more easily be incorporated into the millions believed to be the first radio ads be... Radiojust another disintegrating toy American physician charged with murder which Harbord makes this.! Editing your bibliography or works cited list of radio was more than five of! The Haber Process for making artificial nitrates a technological innovation in the and. A movement promoting what its members called `` 100 percent Americanism. were.! Of Dr. Ossian Sweet, an African American physician charged with murder in this repressive environment, there was much... 18811940 ) took over leadership of the crash were Black Thursday, Black Monday and.

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