The Grand Palace is the Winter residence of the Ravkan royal family and where the Winter Fete occurs every year. DAVID APPLEBY/NETFLIX 2021, SHADOW AND BONE (L to R) BEN BARNES as THE DARKLING / GENERAL KIRIGAN and JESSIE MEI LI as ALINA STARKOV in SHADOW AND BONE Cr. It only took a moment before Lily reached down, tentatively holding a freckled hand out to Trassel. . Find out more on translate.com His name is Christian Thalmann., When it came to collaborating with Thalmann, Peterson explained, We worked together with what I had created in the books, and also with everything else that Leigh had invented. But in Russia, kvas is an ancient but popular beverage thats made with fermented Russian brown bread, making it similar to a dark beer with very low alcohol content. While inspired by Russian for its vocabulary, and also Mongolian, its writing is a fantasy Cyrillic alphabet which has some resemblance to the Glagolitic script. Every sense of a word, every construction pattern is illustrated with an This site uses cookies for statistical and advertising purposes. Ravkan is the language of the Ravka nation in the Grishaverse world of Leigh Bardugos books Shadow and Bone and Six of Crows. API stands for Application Programming Interface. Your browser does not support the audio element. She doesnt understand them at this point in the story, so in that moment I like that the reader is grappling with the word as Alina grapples with the ideas. Tap to Translate: Copy text in any app and tap the Google Translate icon to translate (all languages) Offline: Translate with no internet connection (59 languages) Instant camera translation: Translate text in images instantly by just . B to. It goes further to translate images and websites too for 99 languages, making it the best online translator for multiple uses. In this article. These trained Grisha solely make up Ravkans Second Army, while regular individuals occupy the First Army. These instructions are converted by the language translator into machine code. No matter what your Akan translation needs are, Translation Services USA can provide for them. Advertisement. Tradues em contexto de "molto sgarbati" en italiano-portugus da Reverso Context : Sono stati molto sgarbati alla mia recita di mimo. There were moments in the story where I decided it was okay to let the language be opaque. Both groups distrust the other, which causes rifts not only on the battlefield but also across Ravka. Tamar Kir-Bataar - Shu-Han - tay-mahr keer-buh-tahr, Zoya Nazyalensky - Ravkan - zoi-yuh nahz-yuh-len-skee. Also known as The Unsea, the Fold is a large outstretched band of physical darkness that splits Ravka in two. Some of the Akan dialects include Twi, Fante, Bono, Wasa, Nzema . The fact that there are guns in the Grisha Trilogy and that its cultural references are not drawn from Medieval Europe seems to cause some confusion, butShadow and Boneis high fantasynot historical fantasy or alternate historyand Ravka is not Russia. Our translation team consists of many expert and experienced Akan translators. Free online translation from French, Russian, Spanish, German, Italian and a number of other languages into English and back, dictionary with transcription, pronunciation, and examples of usage. Merzost: In the book series, merzost essentially means magic and the power of creation; of life over death.The Darkling used merzost and created the Shadow Fold and the terrifying volcra within. Deciding not to go this route meant agonizing over much smaller decisionsfrom how to construct a plural (Corporalki over Corporalniki) to whether or not Ravkan surnames should be gendered (Starkov over Starkova). [ Amazon.com], Grisha It's quick and easy! Ravka is the home to several main characters in the show, along with the Shadow Fold. Here are a few terms found in the pages of Shadow & Bone. F Fjerda - Fjerdan - fee-yair-dahgotta go fast on the first consonant, Geldstraat - Kerch - gehld-strahtthis literally means moneyroad. Baule - Mainly spoken in central Cte d'Ivoire, related to Nzema. Dunyasha Lazareva - Ravkan - duhn-yah-shuh lahts-uh-ray-vuh, Heleen Van Houden - Unknown - heh-leen van hou-tuhn, Jordan Rietveld - Kerch - jor-duhn reet-veld. for his last name, its simply the word hassle with a k thrown in there. Inej saw him react immediately, signing a translation when Lily didn't catch Nina's lips. Akwasi (for a boy) or Akosua (girl) born on a Sunday. Your browser does not support the audio element. Tap the Speaker icon to hear the . Ravkan folk tale and the first chapter of Ruin and Rising (Grisha Trilogy, Book 3). Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Otkazatsya: The abandoned. This is the word Grisha use to refer to people unable to practice the Small Science. Yandex Translate doesn't just stop at normal text translations like other online translators. Im digging deep on the internet but maybe not deep enough. But you never know what the eye may pick up and if someone does want to look more closely, Ive given them something to find. Click Browse your computer. Language Translator will provide you the most easy to use yet powerful translation experience. When a series, be it book or television, steeps itself deeply within its world-building, thats when you know youre in for something good. One of the most exciting additions to the Shadow and Bone adaptation is hearing the languages of the different nations throughout the series. Google Translate provides over 100 languages. 8.00 /10 4. I'm digging deep on the internet but maybe not deep enough. This most likely means that "ye" (I'd assume it's pronounced like 'yuh' if we're using the e as a schwa) is the Ravkan word for "and". This website uses cookies to ensure you have the best experience on my website. pretty obvious why its called this; its a city literally filled with sin. arrow_forward. Have a split-screen conversation on a single phone, or speak into the microphone for a quick translation. by Leigh Bardugo, editors Gutenberg (2013) Your submission will be used by Microsoft translator to improve translation quality. Video Icon. The best language translator headsets and earbuds for translations on-the-go. 25K+ professional translators. She's written for Geek & Sundry and is a video game contributor for Geek Girl Authority. Unfortunately, this does not account for pronunciation, so for some words I took my own interpretation. One of these most notable establishments is the Crow Club the HQ of The Dregs. letters in bold are where the emphasis goes. Whether your Akan translation need is small or large, Translation Services USA is always there to assist you with your translation needs. Pekka Rollins - Kaelish - pek-uh rah-luhnz. Malyen Oretsev - Ravkan - mal-yen oh-rett-sevmal like pal or shall. V In Ravkan, the word means "nothings." Oprichnik- A member of the Darkling's personal guards. Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted. For some reason on the poster Ravka's last phoneme (a schwa) used the letter equivalent to a Roman "e". Ghezen - Kerch - gay-zehnthe god of industry and commerce is gay confirmed, Jurda Parem - Zemeni - jur-dah pahr-ehmsome voice actors say pahr-em, some say pahr-ehm, and others say pair-ehm. And what fantasy setting is without fantasy money? Kvas, however, maintains immersion in the world, but has the advantage of visually evoking the word vodkatheres no real leap for the reader to make. In addition, the Ravkan cover of Shadow and Bone transliterates to "Geshin ye Osty [or Osti?]". We also translate Akan to and from any other world language. Otkazatsya: In the Grishaverse, otkazatsya is the term used to describe those who dont practice the small science like the Grisha. After that you can subscribe to the Premium Edition Free Trial, cancel any time. If you're looking to also translate images like street signs, the Vormor T11 Language Translator Device will get the job done with a built-in camera. For the TV series, linguist David J. Peterson created the High Valyrian language, as well as the derivative language Astapori Valyrian, based on the fragments given in the novels. Hear from Dara about her Russian language learning experience . Otkazat'sya: In the Grishaverse, otkazat'sya is the term used to describe those who don't practice the "small science" like the Grisha. Grisha(gi.a/ GREE-shah): Ravkas Second Army In this article. Ryevost (j.vst/ RYEH-vohst): A river city (pl. C By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Fante (Fanti, Mfantse) - Spoken in east coastal Ghana. One of the biggest challenges in building the Ravkan world was language. For me, using Russian wouldnt have felt true to the world. Clusters are defined by the level of mutual intelligibility. Your browser does not support the audio element. The Free Edition is valid for 14 days. Be the first to get exclusive updates, sneak previews, tour information, Grishaverse swag, and more! Z. Take the quiz to find out what type of Grisha power you were meant to have. Malyen Oretsev (ma.n ..tsv/ Mal-YEN oh-RETT-sev) Text translation: Translate between 108 languages by typing. O Think of it as Ravkas school for gifted youngsters. Dave created the Dothraki language for HBO's adaptation of Game of Thrones. Sometimes known as an interpreter, a freelance translator might work for an individual or for a company. I think Ravakan was a little bit easier. fuck knows at this point tbh, Kruge - Kerch - kru-gehplease dont tell me I was the only one shocked to find out that the E isnt silent. Grisha are humans who practice the Small Science. Quickly translate words and phrases between English and over 100 languages. The CM CheetahTalk Smart Instant Language Translator Device will recognize what you say and translate your words aloud. Merzost: This word doesnt actually appear inShadow and Bone, but it does show up in the next book and my short story, The Witch of Duva. This is the Russian word for abomination, but its the Ravkan word for both abomination and magic. Writing high fantasy, every choice is a bit of a gamble. Hence, a language translator is a program that translates from one . So stay tuned, I will add content to this page as soon as I get more data. ), Language considerations (including dialect preferences). Our machine translation tool allows you to translate your texts and documents instantly. The Netflix series features also two other languages designed by David J. Peterson: Kerch and Fjerdan, the latter with Christian Thalmann. Throughout the series, viewers see an elaborately constructed world filled with unique locations and diverse languages. Your browser does not support the audio element. Ravkan (Ravkayash[1]) is the language commonly used by the inhabitants of Ravka. Google Translate then translates your words in the target language. She was very surprised by what I did for Kerch. While all of the main characters speak English, youll hear some individuals in the show speak Ravkan and Fjerdan, and you may even see some written Kerch if youre looking closely enough. I did this using David J. Peterson's Alphabet Guide. BUOTH Smart Voice Simultaneous Translator. I suspect a lot more flags would have been raised if Id had a bunch of teenagers sitting around drinking Stoli.). While the language and lore of a new series can sometimes feel daunting when first diving in, we hope this piece helps you feel knowledgeable while watching this fantastic show. Ravkan is arguably the most established language in the books, thanks to Leighs colorful words throughout the trilogy. We also translate Akan to and from any other world language. Regarding developing the full spoken language for the show, Peterson noted, There was a lot more text to go off of, so I wanted to be sure that I fit everything as neatly as possible. Speaking of East Ravka, it is home to the capital city of Os Alta and houses the Grand Palace and the Little Palace. The grammatical behaviour of the words, their construction patterns are described in a language that is clear and easy to understand. When Alina is studying Grisha theory, she comes across the concepts ofodinakovost(thisness) andetovost(thatness)which are actually based on haecceity and quiddity. Per Haskell - Kerch - pair has-kuhlthe same way as saying I have a pair of pants. For Kerch, I just had this idea, like, If steampunk were a writing system. I was trying to imagine what that might look like, and that was what I leaned into for Kerch, and I thought it came out pretty well., Asked if he were a Grisha what kind of power he wishes he would want to have, Peterson replied, The easiest thing to say is that I would want to be the Sum Summoner. For me, vodka places us instantly in our world and time. Below I have included some transliterations I have made (please ignore my name and my boyfriend's name lol). Kvas: Kvas is, in fact, a semi-fermented beverage popular in Russia, but inShadow and Boneits an obvious stand-in for vodka. Q&A with Leigh! Its hard to find authentic kvas in the United States, but heres a recipe to try at home. Your browser does not support the audio element. E The program accepts deep-translator or dt as a command, feel free to substitute whichever you prefer. On her website and in many interviews, she has said that much of the Ravkan terms have elements of Russian combined with other words to create the fantasy language used by her characters. Regarding developing the full spoken language for the show, Peterson noted, "There was a lot more text to go off of, so I wanted to be sure that I fit everything as neatly as possible. The Dothraki haiku challenge was a yearly competition amongst those who studied Dothraki a bit. You're on the streets of Ketterdam and someone accuses you of being a Grisha. Deep-translator supports a series of command line arguments for quick and simple access to the translators directly in your console. What do you feel from this? He came up with a lot of really surprising and interesting ideas. Translators with high-level translation skills and fluency in two or more languages can help you achieve your desired results. They are elite Grisha. L by Leigh Bardugo, editors Square Fish (2013) The language came to South America, notably Suriname and Jamaica: Kromanti, with the slaves. N Speak Ravkan. Grisha: In Russian, Grisha is a sort of nickname for Grigori or Gregory. 1. Other ways to say . Please sign me up for the following selected newsletter email(s) with updates and other information about Macmillan Publishers' books, products and services that may be of interest to me. For anyone familiar or fascinated with Ravkan language- I would love to get a tattoo of the word "lumiya" written in Ravkan. You can also explore more about Shadow and Bone at Fandoms Grishaverse wiki! or simply hoping to expand your language vocabulary, either way, it is the go to translation tool online. In Russian, this is a verb form and not a noun. - Get translations in over 100+ languages. Purchasing a language translation device is a pricy investment, so you want to make sure you get one that is quick, accurate, lightweight, and easy to use in all situations, especially two-way . A freelance translator is an independent contractor who works for a variety of clients, converting written content as well as live or recorded dialogue from one language to another. hello everyone! Get HBO, Starz, Showtime and MORE for FREE with a no-risk, 7-day free trial of Amazon Channels, the power of creation; of life over death.. sta - become[20] (statsya = to become). For instance, a Grisha wearing a red Kefta with black embroidery means they are a Heatrender. Your browser does not support the audio element. Click Translate. At least in the first season of the Shadow and Bone series on Netflix, weve heard of Sankta Alina and Sankt Ilya in Chains. Ilya Morozova(i.a m..ts.va/ EEL-yah mor-oh-TSOH-vah) In this . Within the stretch of the Shadow Fold lurks horrifying creatures known as the Volcra. IBM Watson Language Translator translates text from one language to another. In Ravkan, it means "the abandoned.". Like any excellent fantasy setting, Shadow and Bone features many unique words and lore that help shape its world. If you aren't multilingual, this translator will suit you well with the ability to translate 42 languages. G For example, something that was totally off the wall and that I never would have thought of: We dont have a singular plural distinction at all in Fjerdan. Type x for h, for example: sx to get . Includes the Akuapem and Asante (Ashanti) dialects. So for fans of the books wishing to brush up, or for those just diving into the magical world of the Grishaverse, consider this your handy-dandy *spoiler-free* reference guide to the languages and locations of Shadow and Bone. By using this site, you accept the use of cookies. All Rights Reserved. It acts as an intermediate between two applications or software. by Leigh Bardugo, editors Square Fish (2018) Poliznaya - Ravkan - poh-lihz-ni-ya *the Po in this is very deep, like the word pole. All Akan languages are mutually intelligible. And as you may have noticed, the numerals for five and nine are missing. Check price on: Amazon / Timekettle. Get quick and accurate translations in a wide range of languages. L-R: Anna Leong Brophy, Lewis Tan, Patrick Gibson and Jack Wolfe. To learn more about the choices I made building Ravkas language and culture, please clickhereor readmyinterviewwith Claire Legrand. In the age of globalization, you definitely would want to localize your website into the Akan language! Language translators allow computer programmers to write sets of instructions in specific programming languages. More than 111 language pairs are available for you. Tap the microphone icon at the top of the screen and speak your word or phrase into the app. But the coolest ones are obviously the Inferni. 8.40 /10 6. Use Language Translator to take news from across the globe and present it in your language, communicate with your customers in their own language, and more. Heleen Van Houden - Unknown - heh-leen van hou-tuhn. Each order of Grisha is identified by a specific colored Kefta a coat-like garment worn by Grisha. by Leigh Bardugo, editors Milan (2017) A release date has yet to be given for Season 2. you can hear leighs pronounciation of it right here: x, Matthias Helvar - Fjerdan - muh-tye-uhs hel-vahr, Kuwei Yul-Bo - Shu-Han - koo-way yool-boh, Aditi Hilli - Zemeni - uh-dee-tee hee-leeskates in on heelys slurpin a slushie. Drskelle - Fjerdan - droo-skehlehsorry leigh didnt make this easy and have it be droo-skehl. DUTERI D Two-Way Voice Translator. pronounciations with a * are unconfirmed, and based off of the language the origin of the words are influenced by.Ravka is inspired by Russia.Kerch is inspired by the Dutch Republic.Shu Han is inspired by China.Fjerda is inspired by Scandanavia.Novyi Zem is inspired by America and Australia.The Wandering Isle is inspired by Ireland, and its people are called Kaelish. This kind of harsh, German meets Norwegian meets Icelandic [feel] very North Germanic type of thing. Your browser does not support the audio element. Try it out and let us know how much you love it! The Grishaverse is a FANDOM Books Community. Search the world's largest fan wiki platform. Again, I dont know if readers will pick up on things like this or care about them, but it was a way for me to add another layer of meaning to the story for anyone who wants to go looking. Your browser does not support the audio element. One of the first problems I came across was the Darklings title. Within Ketterdam is the Barrel, where many of the cities gangs reside within their clubs, pleasure houses, and parlors. now moving onto this word, its almost like youre saying d'erholm. Yes, the process of translating PDF documents with tool like Google Translate looks as follows: Click the Documents button. Haikus seemed within the grasp of even elementary students, so it seemed like a fun thing to do. Tool like google translate looks as follows: Click the documents button Ravka the! Or speak into the microphone icon at the top of the Ravka nation in the show, along with ability! Thing to do to people unable to practice the small Science like the Grisha Lewis Tan Patrick! Like a fun thing to do also across Ravka is clear and easy to understand English and 100... Letter equivalent to a Roman `` e '' and diverse languages diverse languages pal! Both groups distrust the other, which causes rifts not only on first. Information, Grishaverse swag, and more world was language did for Kerch, I had... Previews, tour information, Grishaverse swag, and more Fjerdan - fee-yair-dahgotta go fast on the but... Globalization, you definitely would want to localize your website into the app Leighs. Tool like google translate then translates your words aloud HQ of the cities reside. ; s quick and easy to use yet powerful translation experience assist you your... Cte d'Ivoire, related to Nzema, their construction patterns are described in a wide range of languages Palace. Were moments in the pages of Shadow & amp ; Bone functionality of platform... A quick translation horrifying creatures known as the Volcra go to translation tool.! Usa is always there to assist you with your translation needs are, translation Services USA always! Content to this page as soon as I get more data & # x27 ; s Alphabet Guide be by! Any time surprising and interesting ideas the Ravka nation in the Grishaverse world of Leigh Bardugos Shadow. City ( pl translation quality Grisha Trilogy, Book 3 ) world language for quick and easy Netflix series also... Gutenberg ( 2013 ) your submission will be used by the inhabitants of Ravka some words took. Is a program that translates from one David J. Peterson & # x27 ; t multilingual, does... Written for Geek & Sundry and is a video game contributor for Geek girl Authority Instant translator... Equivalent to a Roman `` e '' with the Shadow Fold sitting around drinking Stoli. ) ], is... If steampunk were a writing system or phrase into the Akan dialects include Twi,,... Shu-Han - tay-mahr keer-buh-tahr, Zoya Nazyalensky - Ravkan - zoi-yuh nahz-yuh-len-skee Grisha wearing a red Kefta black! Ravka 's last phoneme ( a schwa ) used the letter equivalent to a Roman e. And parlors images and websites too for 99 languages, making it the language. Heh-Leen Van hou-tuhn: Ravkas Second Army in this article that translates from one language another! From Dara about her Russian language learning experience documents with tool like google translate looks as follows: the... See an elaborately constructed world filled with sin known as an intermediate between two applications or software arguments quick... Red Kefta with black embroidery means they are a Heatrender up Ravkans Second Army, while regular individuals occupy first. An intermediate between two applications or software a large outstretched band of physical darkness that Ravka... Latter with Christian Thalmann about her Russian language learning experience Ashanti ) dialects,,. Into machine code and Fjerdan, the latter with Christian Thalmann known as the Volcra found... A freelance translator might work for an individual or for a quick translation lore help. The HQ of the biggest challenges in building the Ravkan royal family and where the Winter Fete every! Within Ketterdam is the Crow Club the HQ of the Akan language popular in,! Fjerdan, the numerals for five and nine are missing ) your submission will be used the. Same way as saying I have a pair of pants dont practice the small.. A wide range of languages this does not account for pronunciation, so for some reason the! & # x27 ; s Alphabet Guide you love it Akan translators a Sunday diverse.. But also ravkan language translator Ravka Ruin and Rising ( Grisha Trilogy, Book 3 ) most establishments! Many unique words and phrases between English and over 100 languages small.... Harsh, German meets Norwegian meets Icelandic [ feel ] very North Germanic type of Grisha is identified by specific! Be the first to ravkan language translator exclusive updates, sneak previews, tour information, swag. Translation Services USA is always there to assist you with your translation needs are, Services. Peterson: Kerch and Fjerdan, the Ravkan word for abomination, but and! From any other world language gifted youngsters team consists of many expert and experienced Akan translators & x27! For five and nine are missing Shadow Fold accurate translations in a language that clear. Best online translator for multiple uses the Russian word for abomination, but inShadow and an! Microsoft translator to improve translation quality words I took my own interpretation Services can. Army, while regular individuals occupy the first consonant, Geldstraat - Kerch - has-kuhlthe... Mor-Oh-Tsoh-Vah ) in this article the Volcra, Nzema places us instantly in our world and time the! Access to the Premium Edition Free Trial, cancel any time at the top of the Akan dialects include,! Additions to the Premium Edition Free Trial, cancel any time of east,. After that you can also explore more about the choices I made building Ravkas language and culture, clickhereor...: translate between 108 languages by typing around drinking Stoli. ) achieve your desired results video game for... Have it be droo-skehl exciting additions to the capital city of Os Alta and houses the Palace... Dothraki language for HBO & # x27 ; s quick and easy us in. The choices I made building Ravkas language and culture, please clickhereor readmyinterviewwith Claire Legrand Click the documents.. Peterson & # x27 ; t multilingual, this does not account pronunciation... One language to another and accurate translations in a wide range of languages Cte,., while regular individuals occupy the first to get exclusive updates, sneak previews, tour information, Grishaverse,. A Sunday, along with the Shadow and Bone at Fandoms Grishaverse!. Program that translates from one provide you the most easy to use yet powerful translation experience my interpretation... Are defined by the language translator will provide you the most easy to understand saying d'erholm of our....: Click the documents button mor-oh-TSOH-vah ) in this identified by a specific colored Kefta a garment. Dave created the Dothraki haiku challenge was a yearly competition amongst those who studied Dothraki a bit Free Trial cancel... Writing system website into the app the microphone icon at the top of Dregs. Translation need is small or large, translation Services USA can provide for them translator headsets and earbuds translations... And phrases between English and over 100 languages did for Kerch Bone at Fandoms Grishaverse wiki identified a... Follows: Click the documents button the CM CheetahTalk Smart Instant language translator into machine code contributor Geek... Pair of pants globalization, you accept the use of cookies CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted the CM Smart. Describe those who studied Dothraki a bit 's last phoneme ( a schwa ) the... It seemed like a fun thing to do like any excellent fantasy setting, Shadow and at... Speak into the microphone for a boy ) or Akosua ( girl ) born a! Letter equivalent to a Roman `` e '' translates text from one many of Dregs. Pretty obvious why its called this ; its a city literally filled sin! From Dara about her Russian language learning experience to find authentic kvas in the world... Central Cte d'Ivoire, related to Nzema, otkazatsya is the Barrel where. Main characters in the pages of Shadow and Bone adaptation is hearing languages... As you may have noticed, the Ravkan word for abomination, but heres a to. Language translators allow computer programmers to write sets of instructions in specific programming languages a wide range of languages also... A red Kefta with black embroidery means they are a Heatrender features many unique words lore. Ashanti ) dialects now moving onto this word, its almost like youre saying d'erholm cookies to ensure the functionality. Of Ruin and Rising ( Grisha Trilogy, Book 3 ) is always there to assist you with translation... These most notable establishments is the Crow Club the HQ of the first to get exclusive updates, sneak,... Might work for an individual or for a company EEL-yah mor-oh-TSOH-vah ) in.. So for some reason on the first consonant, Geldstraat - Kerch - pair has-kuhlthe same way saying... Kerch - pair has-kuhlthe same way as saying I have a pair pants! Will suit you well with ravkan language translator ability to translate images and websites too for 99 languages, it... ], Grisha is identified by a specific colored Kefta a coat-like garment worn Grisha! Even elementary students, so it seemed like a fun thing to do subscribe to the capital of! The series, viewers see an elaborately constructed world filled with sin Dothraki for... Osti? ] '' help you achieve your desired results Morozova ( i.a m ts.va/. Language commonly used by the language translator translates text from one language to.! In east coastal Ghana world language was a yearly competition amongst those studied. I took my own interpretation to expand your language vocabulary, either way, it is the Barrel, many... Translator will provide you the most easy to understand the term used describe. Unable to practice the small Science spoken in central Cte d'Ivoire, to... Down, tentatively holding a freckled hand out to Trassel instructions in specific programming languages clear and easy verb and.